Chemodiversity of ladder-frame prymnesin polyethers in Prymnesium parvum

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Documents

  • Silas Anselm Rasmussen
  • Sebastian Meier
  • Nikolaj Gedsted Andersen
  • Hannah Eva Blossom
  • Jens Øllgaard Duus
  • Kristian Fog Nielsen
  • Hansen, Per Juel
  • Thomas Ostenfeld Larsen

Blooms of the microalga Prymnesium parvum cause devastating fish kills worldwide, which are suspected to be caused by the supersized ladder-frame polyether toxins prymnesin-1 and -2. These toxins have, however, only been detected from P. parvum in rare cases since they were originally described two decades ago. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a novel B-type prymnesin, based on extensive analysis of 2D- and 3D-NMR data of natural as well as 90% 13C enriched material. B-type prymnesins lack a complete 1,6-dioxadecalin core unit, which is replaced by a short acyclic C2 linkage compared to the structure of the original prymnesins. Comparison of the bioactivity of prymnesin-2 with prymnesin-B1 in an RTgill-W1 cell line assay identified both compounds as toxic in the low nanomolar range. Chemical investigations by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) of 10 strains of P. parvum collected worldwide showed that only one strain produced the original prymnesin-1 and -2, whereas four strains produced the novel B-type prymnesin. In total 13 further prymnesin analogues differing in their core backbone and chlorination and glycosylation patterns could be tentatively detected by LC-MS/HRMS, including a likely C-type prymnesin in five strains. Altogether, our work indicates that evolution of prymnesins has yielded a diverse family of fish-killing toxins that occurs around the globe and has significant ecological and economic impact.
Original languageEnglish
JournalJournal of Natural Products
Volume79
Issue number9
Pages (from-to)2250–2256
Number of pages7
ISSN0163-3864
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 2016

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