To explore the impact of drought on BVOC emissions, dynamic enclosure system and TD-GC-TOFMS were used to conduct laboratory measurements of BVOC emission from Pinus massoniana under short-term drought stress. The changes in emission rates and composition were analyzed quantitatively. The results showed that emission of isoprene was inhibited under drought stress, with a drop of around 50% in emission rate. Monoterpene and sesquiterpene emission rates were enhanced to 137.85 μg/(m2•h) and 0.98 μg/(m2•h) which were 2.9 and 2.0 times as high as those without stress, respectively. Except trans-α-bergamotene, emissions of all the detected monoterpene and sesquiterpene compounds were promoted under drought stress. Those emission rates were 1.3~42.4 times as high as those without stress. Among them, 3-carene emission had the most sensitive response to drought stress, while α-fenchene, α-phellandrene, and trans-caryophyllene had the lowest sensitivity. Under drought stress, the emission compositions of monoterpene and sesquiterpene were changed, but the dominant compounds remained the same. The main components of monoterpene were α-pinene, sabinene, and β-pinene, accounting for 48%, 17%, and 17% in the total monoterpene emissions, respectively. Trans-caryophyllene and longifolene dominated sesquiterpene emissions with contributions of 57% and 34%, respectively. © 2020, Editorial Board of China Environmental Science. All right reserved.