TY - JOUR

T1 - Effect of Smoking on Blood Pressure and Resting Heart Rate

T2 - A Mendelian Randomisation Meta-Analysis in the CARTA Consortium

AU - Linneberg, Allan

AU - Jacobsen, Rikke K

AU - Skaaby, Tea

AU - Taylor, Amy E

AU - Fluharty, Meg E

AU - Jeppesen, Jørgen L

AU - Bjørngaard, Johan H

AU - Åsvold, Bjørn O

AU - Gabrielsen, Maiken E

AU - Campbell, Archie

AU - Marioni, Riccardo E

AU - Kumari, Meena

AU - Marques-Vidal, Pedro

AU - Kaakinen, Marika

AU - Cavadino, Alana

AU - Postmus, Iris

AU - Ahluwalia, Tarun Veer Singh

AU - Wannamethee, S Goya

AU - Lahti, Jari

AU - Räikkönen, Katri

AU - Palotie, Aarno

AU - Wong, Andrew

AU - Dalgård, Christine

AU - Ford, Ian

AU - Ben-Shlomo, Yoav

AU - Christiansen, Lene

AU - Kyvik, Kirsten O

AU - Kuh, Diana

AU - Eriksson, Johan G

AU - Whincup, Peter H

AU - Mbarek, Hamdi

AU - de Geus, Eco J C

AU - Vink, Jacqueline M

AU - Boomsma, Dorret I

AU - Davey Smith, George

AU - Lawlor, Debbie A

AU - Kisialiou, Aliaksei

AU - McConnachie, Alex

AU - Padmanabhan, Sandosh

AU - Jukema, J Wouter

AU - Power, Chris

AU - Hyppönen, Elina

AU - Preisig, Martin

AU - Waeber, Gerard

AU - Vollenweider, Peter

AU - Korhonen, Tellervo

AU - Laatikainen, Tiina

AU - Salomaa, Veikko

AU - Kaprio, Jaakko

AU - Kivimäki, Mika

AU - Smith, Blair H

AU - Hayward, Caroline

AU - Sørensen, Thorkild I A

AU - Thuesen, Betina H

AU - Sattar, Naveed

AU - Morris, Richard W

AU - Romundstad, Pål R

AU - Munafò, Marcus R

AU - Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta

AU - Husemoen, Lise Lotte N

PY - 2015

Y1 - 2015

N2 - BACKGROUND: -Smoking is an important cardiovascular disease risk factor, but the mechanisms linking smoking to blood pressure are poorly understood.METHODS AND RESULTS: -Data on 141,317 participants (62,666 never, 40,669 former, 37,982 current smokers) from 23 population-based studies were included in observational and Mendelian randomisation (MR) meta-analyses of the associations of smoking status and smoking heaviness with systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), hypertension, and resting heart rate. For the MR analyses, a genetic variant rs16969968/rs1051730 was used as a proxy for smoking heaviness in current smokers. In observational analyses, current as compared with never smoking was associated with lower SBP, DBP, and lower hypertension risk, but with higher resting heart rate. In observational analyses amongst current smokers, one cigarette/day higher level of smoking heaviness was associated with higher (0.21 beats/minute; 95% CI 0.19; 0.24) resting heart rate, and slightly higher DBP (0.05 mmHg; 95% CI 0.02; 0.08) and SBP (0.08 mmHg; 95% CI 0.03; 0.13). However, in MR analyses amongst current smokers, while each smoking increasing allele of rs16969968/rs1051730 was associated with higher resting heart rate (0.36 beats/minute/allele; 95% CI 0.18; 0.54), there was no strong association with DBP, SBP, or hypertension. This would suggest a 7 beats/minute higher heart rate in those who smoke 20 cigarettes/day.CONCLUSIONS: -This MR meta-analysis supports a causal association of smoking heaviness with higher level of resting heart rate, but not with blood pressure. These findings suggest that part of the cardiovascular risk of smoking may operate through increasing resting heart rate.

AB - BACKGROUND: -Smoking is an important cardiovascular disease risk factor, but the mechanisms linking smoking to blood pressure are poorly understood.METHODS AND RESULTS: -Data on 141,317 participants (62,666 never, 40,669 former, 37,982 current smokers) from 23 population-based studies were included in observational and Mendelian randomisation (MR) meta-analyses of the associations of smoking status and smoking heaviness with systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), hypertension, and resting heart rate. For the MR analyses, a genetic variant rs16969968/rs1051730 was used as a proxy for smoking heaviness in current smokers. In observational analyses, current as compared with never smoking was associated with lower SBP, DBP, and lower hypertension risk, but with higher resting heart rate. In observational analyses amongst current smokers, one cigarette/day higher level of smoking heaviness was associated with higher (0.21 beats/minute; 95% CI 0.19; 0.24) resting heart rate, and slightly higher DBP (0.05 mmHg; 95% CI 0.02; 0.08) and SBP (0.08 mmHg; 95% CI 0.03; 0.13). However, in MR analyses amongst current smokers, while each smoking increasing allele of rs16969968/rs1051730 was associated with higher resting heart rate (0.36 beats/minute/allele; 95% CI 0.18; 0.54), there was no strong association with DBP, SBP, or hypertension. This would suggest a 7 beats/minute higher heart rate in those who smoke 20 cigarettes/day.CONCLUSIONS: -This MR meta-analysis supports a causal association of smoking heaviness with higher level of resting heart rate, but not with blood pressure. These findings suggest that part of the cardiovascular risk of smoking may operate through increasing resting heart rate.

U2 - 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.115.001225

DO - 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.115.001225

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 26538566

VL - 8

SP - 832

EP - 841

JO - Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics

JF - Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics

SN - 1942-325X

ER -