Global online trade in primates for pets

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  • Vincent Nijman
  • Thais Q. Morcatty
  • Hani R. El Bizri
  • Hassan Al-Razi
  • Andie Ang
  • Ahmad Ardiansyah
  • Sadek Atoussi
  • Daniel Bergin
  • Sarah Bell
  • Franciany Braga-Pereira
  • Marco Campera
  • Nabajit Das
  • Felipe Ennes Silva
  • Kim Feddema
  • Grace Foreman
  • Anna Fourage
  • Smitha D. Gnanaolivu
  • Elena Račevska
  • Brittany C. Rapone
  • Ganga Ram Regmi
  • Chris R. Shepherd
  • Sofiya Shukhova
  • Penthai Siriwat
  • Jaima H. Smith
  • Seyed Ahmad Mir Mohamad Tabar
  • Aline S. Tavares
  • Ariana V. Weldon
  • Angelina Wilson
  • Nobuyuki Yamaguchi
  • Mingxia Zhang
  • Magdalena S. Svensson
  • K. Anne-Isola Nekaris
The trade in primates as pets is a global enterprise and as access to the Internet has increased, so too has the trade of live primates online. While quantifying primate trade in physical markets is relatively straightforward, limited insights have been made into trade via the Internet. Here we followed a three-pronged approach to estimate the prevalence and ease of purchasing primates online in countries with different socioeconomic characteristics. We first conducted a literature review, in which we found that Malaysia, Thailand, the USA, Ukraine, South Africa, and Russia stood out in terms of the number of primate individuals being offered for sale as pets in the online trade. Then, we assessed the perceived ease of purchasing pet primates online in 77 countries, for which we found a positive relationship with the Internet Penetration Rate, total human population and Human Development Index, but not to Gross Domestic Product per capita or corruption levels of the countries. Using these results, we then predicted the levels of online primate trade in countries for which we did not have first-hand data. From this we created a global map of potential prevalence of primate trade online. Finally, we analysed price data of the two primate taxa most consistently offered for sale, marmosets and capuchins. We found that prices increased with the ease of purchasing primates online and the Gross Domestic Product per capita. This overview provides insight into the nature and intricacies of the online primate pet trade and advocates for increased trade regulation and monitoring in both primate range and non-range countries where trade has been substantially reported.
OriginalsprogEngelsk
Artikelnummer100925
TidsskriftEnvironmental Development
Vol/bind48
Antal sider15
ISSN2211-4645
DOI
StatusUdgivet - 2023

Bibliografisk note

Funding Information:
We thank Dr Alejandro Estrada for discussions at the 8th European Federation of Primatology meeting in Oxford in September 2019 that led to the development of the research. Meg Barrett, Dr Elene Bersacola, Dr Camille Coudrat, Evros Damianou, Terence Fuh Neba, Gaspard van de Hamme, Kelly M. Martin, Daniel Nielsen, Sam Un, and Dr Sam Shanee for helping with the assessment of the online trade in primates either by active searching or with linguistic help. Dr Paul Garber commented on an earlier version of this paper. Funding was received from WCS Graduate Scholarship Program, a program of the Wildlife Conservation Society and the Christensen Conservation Leaders Scholarship (TQM), Wildlife Conservation Network Scholarship Program through the Sidney Byers Scholarship award (TQM), Funds for Women Graduates from the British Federation of Women Graduates (TQM), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) grant numbers 201475/2017-0 and 302140/2020-4 (HREB, FES), European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 801505 (FES); International Primatological Society Conservation grant (FES); the Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation grant numbers SMA–CCO–G0023 and SMA-CCOG0037 (FES), Primate Conservation Inc. #1713 and #1689 (FES). Cambridge Student Conference on Conservation Science Miriam Rothschild Travel Bursary Programme (2019) (AST, AArd), Cleveland Zoo and Metroparks Zoo Society (KAIN, VN, AArd), People’s Trust for Endangered Species (KAIN, VN, AArd), International Primate Protection League (KAIN, AArd, VN), Primate Action Fund (MSS, VN, CRS), Global Challenges Fund (MC), Oxford Brookes University Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Research Event Fund (VN), The Rufford Foundation (GRR, FES ), Primate Society of Great Britain (GRR), American Society of Primatologists (GRR), Ocean Park Conservation Foundation Hong Kong (GRR), Oxford Brookes University Habitat Country Scholarship (GRR), Sasakawa Great Britain Foundation (BCR). We thank the two anonymous reviewers for constructive comments and suggestions for improvement.

Funding Information:
We thank Dr Alejandro Estrada for discussions at the 8th European Federation of Primatology meeting in Oxford in September 2019 that led to the development of the research. Meg Barrett, Dr Elene Bersacola, Dr Camille Coudrat, Evros Damianou, Terence Fuh Neba, Gaspard van de Hamme, Kelly M. Martin, Daniel Nielsen, Sam Un, and Dr Sam Shanee for helping with the assessment of the online trade in primates either by active searching or with linguistic help. Dr Paul Garber commented on an earlier version of this paper. Funding was received from WCS Graduate Scholarship Program, a program of the Wildlife Conservation Society and the Christensen Conservation Leaders Scholarship (TQM), Wildlife Conservation Network Scholarship Program through the Sidney Byers Scholarship award (TQM), Funds for Women Graduates from the British Federation of Women Graduates (TQM), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) grant numbers 201475/2017-0 and 302140/2020-4 (HREB, FES), European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 801505 (FES); International Primatological Society Conservation grant (FES); the Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation grant numbers SMA–CCO–G0023 and SMA-CCOG0037 (FES), Primate Conservation Inc. #1713 and #1689 (FES). Cambridge Student Conference on Conservation Science Miriam Rothschild Travel Bursary Programme (2019) (AST, AArd), Cleveland Zoo and Metroparks Zoo Society (KAIN, VN, AArd), People's Trust for Endangered Species (KAIN, VN, AArd), International Primate Protection League (KAIN, AArd, VN), Primate Action Fund (MSS, VN, CRS), Global Challenges Fund (MC), Oxford Brookes University Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Research Event Fund (VN), The Rufford Foundation (GRR, FES), Primate Society of Great Britain (GRR), American Society of Primatologists (GRR), Ocean Park Conservation Foundation Hong Kong (GRR), Oxford Brookes University Habitat Country Scholarship (GRR), Sasakawa Great Britain Foundation (BCR). We thank the two anonymous reviewers for constructive comments and suggestions for improvement.

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© 2023 The Authors

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