Hourly methane and carbon dioxide fluxes from temperate ponds

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Ponds are regarded as greenhouse gas (GHG) emission hot spots, but how hot are they? We examined this question by measuring methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes in six forest and open land ponds on grasslands in Denmark during summer and winter. We used floating chambers with do-it-yourself sensors and automated headspace venting, allowing for 7404 hourly measurements. We found highly variable gas fluxes within ponds and between seasons and pond types. Ebullitive CH4 fluxes were more variable than diffusive CH4 fluxes. Ebullition was absent when total CH4 fluxes were lowest (15 µmol m−2 h−1), dominant (> 90%) at the highest fluxes (> 400 µmol m−2 h−1), and increased with water temperature. In summer, a minor daily increase in diffusive fluxes was found on days with high wind speed, while CH4 ebullition remained constant. CO2 fluxes paralleled the day-night balance of photosynthesis and respiration. Mean CH4 ebullition in open and forest ponds exceeded CH4 diffusive fluxes 4.1 and 7.1-fold in summer (avg. 22.5 °C) and 2.3 and 2.5-fold in winter (9.6 °C), respectively. CO2 emissions were higher on a molar basis than CH4 emissions, both in summer and winter, while their annual global warming potentials were similar. Mean annual gas emissions from open and forest ponds (1092 and 2527 g CO2e m−2 y−1) are naturally high due to extensive external input of dissolved CO2 and organic carbon relative to pond area and volume.
OriginalsprogEngelsk
TidsskriftBiogeochemistry
Vol/bind167
Sider (fra-til)177-195
Antal sider19
ISSN0168-2563
DOI
StatusUdgivet - 2024

Bibliografisk note

Funding Information:
We thank the Independent Research Fund Denmark (0217-00112B) for supporting the project “Supporting climate and biodiversity by rewetting low-lying areas” to KSJ. Furthermore, we thank Aage V. Jensens’s foundation for grants supporting the Ph.D. research of JSS. We thank the COWI foundation for funding CH sensors (A-155.03) and the Carlsberg grant for funding the Ultraportable Greenhouse Gas Analyzer (CF21-0166). We thank David Stuligross for proof-reading the manuscript and Johan Emil Kjær for field assistance. 4

Publisher Copyright:
© The Author(s) 2024.

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