A mass coral spawning event on the Heron Island reef flat in 2005 provided a unique opportunity to examine the response of a coral reef ecosystem to a large episodic nutrient addition. A post-major spawning phytoplankton bloom resulted in only a small drawdown of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP minimum = 0.37 mu mol L-1), compared with almost complete removal of dissolved inorganic nitrogen ( DIN) ( minimum NO3+= 0.01 mu mol L-1; NH4+ = 0.11 mu mol L-1), suggesting that pelagic primary production is potentially N limited on the timescale of this study. DIN, DIP, dissolved organic nitrogen ( DON), and dissolved organic phosphorus were used in the production of biomass, and mass balance calculations highlighted the importance of organic forms of N and P for benthic and pelagic production in tropical coral reef environments characterized by low inorganic N and P. The input of N and P via the deposition of coral spawn and associated phytodetritus resulted in large changes to N cycling in the sediments, but only small changes to P cycling, because of the buffering capacity provided by the large pool of bioavailable P. It is most likely that this large pool of bioavailable P in the sediments drives potential N limitation of benthic coral reef communities. For example, there was sufficient bioavailable P stored in the top 10 cm of the sediment column to sustain the prespawning rates of benthic production for over 200 d. Most of the change in benthic N cycling occurred via DON and N-2 pathways, driven by changes in the quantity and quality of organic matter deposited and decomposed post-major spawning. The heterotrophic and autotrophic microbial communities within the coral reef sands were able to rapidly ( 6 to 7 d) process the large episodic load of N and P provided by coral mass spawning.