TY - JOUR

T1 - A massive expansion of effector genes underlies gall-formation in the wheat pest Mayetiola destructor

AU - Zhao, Chaoyang

AU - Escalante, Lucio Navarro

AU - Chen, Hang

AU - Benatti, Thiago R.

AU - Qu, Jiaxin

AU - Chellapilla, Sanjay

AU - Waterhouse, Robert M.

AU - Wheeler, David

AU - Andersson, Martin N

AU - Bao, Riyue

AU - Batterton, Matthew

AU - Behura, Susanta K

AU - Blankenburg, Kerstin P

AU - Caragea, Doina

AU - Carolan, James C

AU - Coyle, Marcus

AU - El-Bouhssini, Mustapha

AU - Francisco, Liezl

AU - Friedrich, Markus

AU - Gill, Navdeep

AU - Grace, Tony

AU - Grimmelikhuijzen, Cornelis

AU - Han, Yi

AU - Hauser, Frank

AU - Herndon, Nicolae

AU - Holder, Michael

AU - Ioannidis, Panagiotis

AU - Jackson, LaRonda

AU - Javaid, Mehwish

AU - Jhangiani, Shalini N

AU - Johnson, Alisha J

AU - Kalra, Divya

AU - Korchina, Viktoriya

AU - Kovar, Christie L

AU - Lara, Fremiet

AU - Lee, Sandra L

AU - Liu, Xuming

AU - Löfstedt, Christer

AU - Mata, Robert

AU - Mathew, Tittu

AU - Muzny, Donna M

AU - Nagar, Swapnil

AU - Nazareth, Lynne V

AU - Okwuonu, Geoffrey

AU - Ongeri, Fiona

AU - Perales, Lora

AU - Peterson, Brittany F

AU - Pu, Ling-Ling

AU - Robertson, Hugh M

AU - Schemerhorn, Brandon J

AU - Scherer, Steven E

AU - Shreve, Jacob T

AU - Simmons, DeNard

AU - Subramanyam, Subhashree

AU - Thornton, Rebecca L

AU - Xue, Kun

AU - Weissenberger, George M

AU - Williams, Christie E

AU - Worley, Kim C

AU - Zhu, Dianhui

AU - Zhu, Yiming

AU - Harris, Marion O

AU - Shukle, Richard H

AU - Werren, John H

AU - Zdobnov, Evgeny M

AU - Chen, Ming-Shun

AU - Brown, Susan J

AU - Stuart, Jeffery J

AU - Richards, Stephen

N1 - Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

PY - 2015

Y1 - 2015

N2 - Gall-forming arthropods are highly specialized herbivores that, in combination with their hosts, produce extended phenotypes with unique morphologies [1]. Many are economically important, and others have improved our understanding of ecology and adaptive radiation [2]. However, the mechanisms that these arthropods use to induce plant galls are poorly understood. We sequenced the genome of the Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor; Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a plant parasitic gall midge and a pest of wheat (Triticum spp.), with the aim of identifying genic modifications that contribute to its plant-parasitic lifestyle. Among several adaptive modifications, we discovered an expansive reservoir of potential effector proteins. Nearly 5% of the 20,163 predicted gene models matched putative effector gene transcripts present in the M. destructor larval salivary gland. Another 466 putative effectors were discovered among the genes that have no sequence similarities in other organisms. The largest known arthropod gene family (family SSGP-71) was also discovered within the effector reservoir. SSGP-71 proteins lack sequence homologies to other proteins, but their structures resemble both ubiquitin E3 ligases in plants and E3-ligase-mimicking effectors in plant pathogenic bacteria. SSGP-71 proteins and wheat Skp proteins interact in vivo. Mutations in different SSGP-71 genes avoid the effector-triggered immunity that is directed by the wheat resistance genes H6 and H9. Results point to effectors as the agents responsible for arthropod-induced plant gall formation.

AB - Gall-forming arthropods are highly specialized herbivores that, in combination with their hosts, produce extended phenotypes with unique morphologies [1]. Many are economically important, and others have improved our understanding of ecology and adaptive radiation [2]. However, the mechanisms that these arthropods use to induce plant galls are poorly understood. We sequenced the genome of the Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor; Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a plant parasitic gall midge and a pest of wheat (Triticum spp.), with the aim of identifying genic modifications that contribute to its plant-parasitic lifestyle. Among several adaptive modifications, we discovered an expansive reservoir of potential effector proteins. Nearly 5% of the 20,163 predicted gene models matched putative effector gene transcripts present in the M. destructor larval salivary gland. Another 466 putative effectors were discovered among the genes that have no sequence similarities in other organisms. The largest known arthropod gene family (family SSGP-71) was also discovered within the effector reservoir. SSGP-71 proteins lack sequence homologies to other proteins, but their structures resemble both ubiquitin E3 ligases in plants and E3-ligase-mimicking effectors in plant pathogenic bacteria. SSGP-71 proteins and wheat Skp proteins interact in vivo. Mutations in different SSGP-71 genes avoid the effector-triggered immunity that is directed by the wheat resistance genes H6 and H9. Results point to effectors as the agents responsible for arthropod-induced plant gall formation.

U2 - 10.1016/j.cub.2014.12.057

DO - 10.1016/j.cub.2014.12.057

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 25660540

VL - 25

SP - 613

EP - 620

JO - Current Biology

JF - Current Biology

SN - 0960-9822

IS - 5

ER -