Vision and visual processing in box jellyfish
Within cnidarians (e.g. corals and jellyfish) box jellyfish stand out by displaying a more elaborate behavioural repertoire of which most are visually guided.

Utilizing our cultures of the Caribbean species, Tripedalia cystophora, we want to understand precisely what visual information is picked up by their 24 eyes (of which eight are image forming) and how it is processed by their CNS.

We have uncovered several matched filters that come together to perform highly specialized narrow band filtering. Their radially symmetric CNS holds four parallel subunits, called rhopalial nervous systems, RNS, which process the filtered information. Each RNS has a mere 1000 neurons and we study their circuitries using electrophysiology, electron microscopy, immunolabelling, genomics, connectomics, transcriptomics and other techniques.

Main collaborators: Todd Oakley (Uni of California) and Jan Bielecki (Christian-Albrechts Uni.)

Dynamics of naturally occurring bioluminescence
Bioluminescence is the ability of living organisms to produce light through biochemical reactions. It is ommi-present in the ocean but is especially important in the open waters where studies have shown that 50-75% of the animals found here are bioluminescent.

In most studies of bioluminescence the light production is artificially evoked, though, typically through mechanical disturbance and little is known about the naturally occurring light emissions. Furthermore, a whole range of different functions of bioluminescence has been suggested incl. communication, camouflage, prey lures, and decoys, but experimental evidence for these functions is lacking to a large extend.

We study the invasive ctenophore, Mnemiopsis leidyi, which is brightly bioluminescent to understand the connection between detailed dynamics of the light emission and function. 
We also study the naturally occurring bioluminescence in the deep-sea benthos with a focus on brisingid starfish, where some species combine bioluminescence with large image forming eyes. The mesopelagic annelid genus Tomopteris is also of special interest, and we try to understand why several species display rare yellow bioluminescence.                    

 
Main collaborators: Jakob Winther (Uni. of Copenhagen), Cornelia Jaspers (DTUaqua), Henrik Glenner (Uni of Bergen), Sönke Johnsen (Duke Uni.), and Ragnhild Jakobsen (Trondheim Uni., NTNU).

Vision in a single cell
In this project we investigate the intriguing indication that the dinoflagellate family Warnowiaceae have a subcellular eye. These unicellular organisms are either heterotrophic or mixotrophic feeding on other microorganisms and there are indications that the prey items are detected visually. They have a cell organelle (the ocelloid) resembling an eye with a tiny lens and a subcellular retina (the retinoid) and other organelles (nematocysts) resembling harpoons.

Using volumescope FIB-SEM, transcriptomics, immunolabelling and behaviural experiments we want to understand the functional significance of these organelles during prey capture and other behaviours. How potential image information is processed and turned into behaviour is also a central question in the project. We focus on the local Danish species and on Mediterranean species.

Main collaborators: Dan-E Nilsson and Mike Bok (Lund Uni.) and Øjvind Moestrup, Niels Daugbjerg, and Per Juel Hansen (Uni. of Copenhagen).

Vision in marine annelids

Marine annelids (polycheates) display a broad range of eye types from simple ocelli with only a few cells to large image forming camera-type eyes and compound eyes. The structure, including ultrastructure, is well known but little is known about the receptor physiology and functional significance of the eyes.

We study these aspects of annelid vision using species covering a broad phylogenetic range. Of particular interest is the visual ecology of alciodopids and acoetids (bullet worms), which independently have evolved high resolution eyes. We also examine potential visual adaptations to detect bioluminescence in marine annelids and why many of them have two pairs of prostomial eyes.

Main collaborators: Mike Bok (Lund Uni.), Katrine Worsaae (Uni. Of Copenhagen), Karen Osborn (Smithsonian Inst.) and Brett Gonzalez (Uni Western Australia).

Eyes of a bullet worm

Visual ecology and neurobiology of starfish
Most examined starfish have a small compound eye at the tip of each arm normally having less than 300 ommatidia each. The eyes sit as direct extensions of the radial nerves, which make up most of the CNS in starfish.

We want to understand the visual capacity of these eyes and what behaviours they support. We take a comparative approach using several species of starfish but have used the corallivorous  Acanthaster planci (crown-of-thorns starfish) as our model species.

A part of the project examines how starfish vision changes with habitat and feeding behaviour and this includes work on several deep-sea species. We also study the structure and function of their radially symmetric nervous system, and here our working hypothesis is that the radial nerves are parallel brains, one on each arm, where most of the visual processing happens.

Main collaborators: Dan-E Nilsson (Lund Uni.) and Henrik Glenner (Uni. Of Bergen).

Sleep in sponges
Sleep is a somewhat enigmatic process, which is seen in most animals, at least if a broad definition is used. In present day animals this process serves two major functions: it is an inactive period of low metabolic rate saving energy for periods with high activity.

The inactivity also leads to less need for information processing by the nervous system, and the CNS goes through a number of important restructuring and repair processes during sleep. An interesting question is which of these two functions initially drove the evolution of sleep.

Sponges (Porifera) constitute one of the earliest branches in animal evolution and they lack a nervous system. We examine whether the diurnal rhythm found in some sponges includes a period of sleep, which would add strong support to energy saving being the original function of sleep.

Main collaborator: Peter Funch (Uni. of Århus).

CV for Anders Garm (pdf)

Publication list for Anders Garm (pdf)

Current courses: Organismernes Diversitet – Livets Træ (BSc level), Marine Biological summer course (BSc level), Sensory Biology (Developed course and course responsible, MSc level), Animal Morphology (MSc level) and Molecular Neurobiology (MSc level)

Previous courses: Experimental Marine Biology (BSc level), Marine Biology (MSc level), Applied Marine Biology (MSc level), Invertebrate Zoology (MSc level), and Evolutionary Biology (MSc level)

The projects listed below are all suitable for both bachelor and master projects.

Do organisms without a nervous system sleep?

Sleep is a somewhat enigmatic process, which is seen in most animals, but the evolutionary origin is unknown. So far sleep has only been tested in animals with a nervous system, but in this project you will test possible sleep in nerve-less animals and other organisms. There will be a focus on the basal animal group, sponges (Porifera), but the sister-group to all animals, choanoflagellates, will also be examined. The sponges are less active at night (https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.244751) and using advanced microscopy and behavioural experiments on both whole sponges and so-called sandwich preparations you will test if this qualifies as sleep. If sponges sleep it will strongly suggest that sleep arose before neurons and that the original function was energy conservation and not as a period for nervous system repairs.

Vision in a single cell

A special group of single celled organisms, the dinoflagellate family Warnowiaceae, have a cell organelle (the ocelloid) resembling an eye. In this project you will examine the functional significance of this organelle with a focus on prey capture. The dinoflagellates shall be collected several places in the inner Danish Waters and tested in number of experiments in the laboratory. In a special setup their swim patterns can be video filmed while presenting them with images of naturally sized prey items. This will reveal if they can see images and if so also what type of information they respond to. Furthermore, some of the collected cells will be fixed for a microscopy, incl. electron and confocal microscopy, in order to examine the detailed structures of the ocelloid.

Vision in juvenile starfish

Most starfish, incl. the common Danish species Asterias rubens, have a compound eye at the tip of each arm. A compound eye is build of many separate optical units, ommatidia, each adding one pixel to the image, and adult A. rubens have approx. 150 ommatidia in each eye. The eye is formed when their larvae metamorphose into the juvenile starfish and interestingly they start out with only 4-5 ommatidia in each eye. The functional significance of this juvenile eye is unknown and the project will examine this through behavioural experiments and morphological examinations. You will collect live metamorphosing larvae in Øresund and Kattegat and perform phototaxis experiments in the lab. Furthermore, some of the specimens will be fixed for light, electron and confocal microscopy used to map the visual field and spatial resolution of the eye.

If any of these projects sounds interesting to you, you can contact me via e-mail: algarm@bio.ku.dk